What is the difference between series and parallel circuits?

In a series circuit, all components are connected end-to-end, creating a single path for current to flow. This means that the same amount of current passes through each component, and if one component fails, the entire circuit is interrupted. Series circuits are characterized by their simple design, where only one route is available for electrical flow.

On the other hand, parallel circuits consist of multiple branches, allowing current to take several paths. In this configuration, each component receives the full supply voltage but the total current is divided among the paths. This means that if one branch fails, current can still flow through the other branches, making parallel circuits more reliable for maintaining functionality despite potential component failures.

The distinction in how current and voltage behave in series and parallel circuits is fundamental to understanding their operation in electrical systems and is key in applications such as lighting fixtures, home wiring, and electronic devices. This understanding guides electricians and engineers in designing and troubleshooting circuits effectively.